The Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action Essay -- Pro Con Essays

     Affirmative activity has been the subject of discussion for a long time. It has been questionable in light of the fact that it has been supposed to be a type of converse separation. This paper will talk about the reason behind governmental policy regarding minorities in society, just as, its different qualities and shortcomings. Likewise, this paper will take a gander at the accompanying issues encompassing governmental policy regarding minorities in society, for example, the inadequacy fantasy ( are organizations recruiting less qualified individuals?), the effect on business (what has changed in the work place?), the effect on ladies (how have their lives changed?) and the effect on business law (what archives back up governmental policy regarding minorities in society?). Finally, a conversation of governmental policy regarding minorities in society on a global scale, and what worldwide records need to state about the theme. The motivation behind this paper is to unc over all the issues, and afterward offer an informed expression of whether governmental policy regarding minorities in society is a beneficial action or if there is a superior arrangement.  â â â â      Affirmative activity or constructive segregation can be characterized as giving preferences to individuals of a minority bunch who are believed to have generally been victimized. This comprises of special access to instruction, work, human services, or social government assistance. In work, governmental policy regarding minorities in society may likewise be known as business value. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society necessitates that establishments increment recruiting and advancement of up-and-comers of ordered gatherings. (Rubenfeld, 1997, p. 429)  â â â â      The reason ofAffirmative Action is a straightforward one, it exists to even the odds, in a manner of speaking, in the regions of recruiting and school affirmations dependent on qualities that normally incorporate race, sex, or potentially ethnicity. A specific minority gathering or sex might be underrepresented in a field, frequently work or the scholarly world, in principle due to past or continuous victimization individuals from the gathering. In such a condition, one way of thinking keeps up that except if this gathering is solidly assisted with accomplishing an increasingly generous portrayal, it will experience issues picking up the minimum amount and acknowledgment in that job, regardless of whether obvious oppression the gathering is killed. Therefore, more exertion must be made to enlist people from that foundation, train them, and lower the passageway prerequisites for them. (Goldman, 1976, p. 179) Proponents of governmental policy regarding minorities in soci ety contend that governmental policy regarding minorities in society is the most ideal approach to corre... ...of Management Journal, Vol. 40, No. 3, 603-625. Holzer, Harry J.& David Neumark. (Jan. 2000) What Does Affirmative Action Do? Modern and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 2, 240-271. Holzer, Harry J.& David Neumark. (Sept. 2000) Assessing Affirmative Action Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 38, No. 3, 483-568. Leonard, Jonathan S. (1989) Women and Affirmative Action The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 3, No. 1, 61-75. Lockheed, Marlaine. (1998) International Perspectives on Affirmative Action during the 1990s Educational Researcher, Vol. 27, No. 9, 6-7. Loeb, Jane W, Marianne A. Ferber and Helen M. Lowry. (1978) The Effectiveness of Affirmative Action for Women The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 49,      No. 3, 218-230. Nacoste, Rupert W. (1987) Affirmative Action in American Politics: Strength or Weakness? Political Behavior, Vol. 9, No. 4, 291-304. Reed, Rodney J. (1983) Affirmative Action in Higher Education: Is It Necessary? The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 52, No. 3, Persistent and Emergent      Legal Issues in Education: 1983 Yearbook, 332-349. Rubenfeld, Jed. (1997) Affirmative Action The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 107, No. 2, 427-472.

The Houpu Herbal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Houpu Herbal - Essay Example The bark, houpu, however, has an increasingly catholic application in customary Chinese medication and various mischievous definitions are made of it to treat lung issue like hacks and asthma and intestinal ones like diseases and fits. Additionally, the houpu structures a significant part of meds focusing on stomach swellings and edema (Dharmananda, Undated). The dynamic segments of the bloom buds need alkaloids and none have been found to date while aromatics with their decongestant properties like monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes have been copiously apparent (Dharmananda, Undated). Interestingly, the bark, houpu, has an increasingly composite nature and contains various carbon mixes. The charming aroma is credited to two arrangements of non-alkaloids - the somewhat scented biphenols magnolol and honokiol and the unequivocally scented triterpene eudesmol (Dharmananda, Undated). These last biphenols and triterpene - magnolol, honokiol and eudesmol - are the fundamental restorative constituents from the bark houpu. Magnolol (2-11%), honokiol (0.3-4.6%) and eudesmol (>1%) fluctuate from species to species and furthermore from district to locale. Current pharmacological examinations have uncovered that these three constituents have the accompanying properties - 1) anxiolytic impacts; 2) capacities to improve steroid creation by the adrenal cortex; 3) capacities to hinder microbes and growths; 4) cancer prevention agent impacts; 5) capacities to decrease aggravation and agony; 6) capacities to lighten seizures; and 7) dynamic counteracting impacts against organoph osphoric pesticides (Dharmananda, Undated). The bark huopu likewise contains a few alkaloids - benzylisoquinoline ones, for example, magnoflorine, magnocurarine and salicifoline. Of these, the most inexhaustible is magnocurarine at >0.2% of the business bark material (Dharmananda, Undated). Other follow alkaloids are oxuoshinsunine, anonaine and michelabine. These alkaloids are not accepted to make part in the pharmacological move of the bark however it is accepted that they do have incomplete jobs in its antispasmodic impacts (Dharmananda, Undated). In spite of the fact that it is settled among pharmacologists that the three fundamental alkaloids are basic to this species there is fluctuating report of different alkaloids distinguished in follow amounts in the equivalent or diverse sub-species. In this manner, Rowe and Conner, 1979, report that, beside the three previously mentioned primary alkaloids, certain magnolia sub-species likewise contain different alkaloids, for example, D-O-methylarmepavine in the stem. Likewise, the sub-species obvious in the Southern pieces of the US contains hints of anolobine, N-nornuciferine, liridenine and candicine (Rowe and Conner, 1979). There is likewise report of the Southern magnolia sub-species containing the glycosides magnolidin, magnolenin and magnosidin (Rowe and Conner, 1979). Customary Chinese Viewpoint: One old style clinical content from China 'Shen nong ben cao jing' (Chinese Medical Classics, Pregadio, Undated) records houpo as a 'third class cure' (Forrest, 1995). This is on the grounds that however the alkaloid magnocurarine is valuable in minute amounts it is harmful in bigger portions and demonstrates contraindicative for pregnant ladies. Conversely, the bloom buds' concentrate is recorded in a similar book as a first class cure and endorsed for ladies, including pregnant ones (Forrest, 1995).

Fall Travel

Fall Travel This is my last week in the office before I hit the road to come see some of you guys. I have mixed feelings about recruitment travel I like the recruitment, not the travel. Im looking forward to the school visits and the big regional info sessions. Im not looking forward to the endless sea of rental cars, maps, airports, hotel rooms, and fast food. Generally this fits the pattern of every trip Ive ever taken happy once Im there, but hate getting there. :-) No worries though by the time I see any of you, Ill be so relieved to have made it there in one piece that Ill be in a great mood! This fall will bring me to Connecticut (central mtg in Hartford on 9/19), New York (central mtg in Westchester County on 9/20), Pennsylvania (central mtg in Philly on 9/25), and New Jersey (central mtgs in East Brunswick on 9/27 and in Hackensack on 9/28). In the middle of that I head down to Tampa for the NACAC Conference, where Matt and I will be presenting these blogs and encouraging other colleges and universities to join us in demystifying the admissions process. Were hoping that lots of other schools will begin blog programs so that you can get real and honest perspectives from staff and students at every school that interests you. Some of you have written to ask about the regional info sessions (we call them central meetings) and how much overlap there is with the on-campus info sessions. On campus, your info session is followed by a campus tour, so we can take for granted that youre going to see MIT. When were on the road, we cant make that assumption, so we try to bring the feel of the campus to you. We use short videos and lots of photos throughout the presentation to supplement the information, but the basic information is the same. If youve visited MIT, attended the info session here, and taken the campus tour, youll find much of the actual content to be somewhat repetitive. This doesnt mean you shouldnt come youll still get to meet the alumni interviewers for your area (ECs) and ask questions, etc. But if youve already visited campus and youre choosing between this info session and (as one reader asked) your upper level math class at a community college, dont miss the class. Those of you who havent visited campus, however BE THERE! These regional info sessions are designed specifically for you. Ill definitely blog from the road whenever I can find a wifi connection. And if Im coming to a city near you, see you soon!

Sleep Habits And Academic Performance - 2225 Words

Sleep Habits and Academic Performance Johnny Christopherson University of South Dakota Literature Review Many factors such as self-concept, moods and sleepiness influence the academic performance and motivation of college students. Research collections and recent data have suggested that sleep is very important and beneficial for memory, comprehension, attention, and academic success. This data has uncovered a noticeable relationship between amount and quality of sleep with learning abilities and resulting academic performance. Sleep deprivation can result in sleepiness and impaired neurocognitive and psychomotor performance (AlDabal and BaHammam, 2011). With higher demands being placed on academic performance, students may begin to develop poor sleep and nap patterns, which may in turn negatively impact their school performance. Often students may not even notice that they are on a skewed sleeping pattern or feeling sleep deprived. Sleep is a very important factor to a human’s well-being, health and behavior. A person’s ability to complete tasks and to remain mentally sharp and focused depends on the amount of sleep to avoid being sleep deprived. The history of sleep research as been traced back to as early as the 19th century. According to a recent National Sleep Foundation’s Sleep in America Poll, U.S. adults sleep about seven hours every night, a decrease of about two hours per night since the 19th century (Nation Sleep Foundation, 2005). And according toShow MoreRelatedFactors That Affect The Academic Performance Of College Students Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesfactors that affect the academic performance of college students. Some of these factors include family, personal habits, attitude, and social activities. Another important factor is the sleeping habits of the student. Sleeping is one of the most significant basic need that humans need. It is a biological necessity that plays a n important role in each individual’s health. Sleep is not only important for health, but it is also important for learning and cognitive performance, such as enhancing memoryRead MoreEffects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance1557 Words   |  7 PagesEffect of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance Less sleep causes less focus on academic performance. Sleep deprivation is a problem when it comes to academic performance; therefore students should learn how to manage their time and get enough sleep. Many have argued and many others agreed that sleep deprivation does have a big effect on the performance of students in school. For those who don t agree probably think that sleep deprivation has nothing to do with the bad performance of studentsRead MoreSleep Can Improve Learning And Memory Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Sleep can improve learning and memory. However whether the length and type of sleep whether this correlates to academic performance is unclear. Therefore the aim of the proposed experiment is to research whether length and type of sleep experienced correlates with academic performance It is hypothesised that longer sleep with more Non-REM sleep will correlate with higher academic performance. Participants will be randomly selected 1st year psychology students taking a mandatory 100 levelRead MoreComparing Academic Performance And Class Start Times Between Morning, Day, And Night Classes1530 Words   |  7 PagesExamining Differences in Academic Performance and Class Start Times between Morning, Day, and Night Classes within WVU university students Academic achievement among university students is a primary goal amongst the student body for obvious reasons. Generally, a student’s performance reflects how successful they will be within their courses and produces their overall grade point average, GPA. Although a student’s academic achievement can be determined in many ways, GPA is a primary tool used to measureRead MoreDoes Limited Duration Of Sleep Affect Academic Performance?1673 Words   |  7 Pagesduration of sleep affect academic performance? Academic performance is utilized worldwide in order to determine an individual’s career success and in some instances intelligence. The United States utilizes academic performance as an indicator of character and potential; often individuals are defined by how well they perform in academic areas. The United States measures academic performance through grade point averages, exam results and standardized tests. The education system is based on academic performance;Read MoreSleep Deprivation And Academic Performance1430 Words   |  6 PagesSleep Deprivation and Academic Performance in Adolescents Sleep deprivation is an increasing issue with adolescents. Statistics show that 60% of high schoolers report extreme daytime sleepiness. 20% to 33% of those high schools report falling asleep in class at least once during the week. Daytime sleepiness is only a small issue about sleep deprivation in students. Sleep deprivation negatively impacts school performance adolescent students because it interferes with brain development, create moodRead MoreThe Connection Between Sleep And One Specific Kind Of Performance1358 Words   |  6 Pagesconnection between sleep and one specific kind of performance, which is academic performance, among university students. This chapter framework the methodology that can be practical to attain the goal and objectives of the research study. Therefore, suitable preparation and thorough analysis are compulsory in planning the methodology procedure to get the expected result. A self-report questionnaire was utilized in this research study to measure sleep -related variables and educational performance, of universityRead MoreDoes Lower Grade Point Average Equate to Poor Health? Essay639 Words   |  3 PagesTrockel, Barnes and Egget (2000) they hypothesized that poor health behaviors would be greater amongst those with low grade point averages. The predictors of the correlation study were: exercise, eating, sleep habits, mood states, perceived stress, time management, social support, spiritual habits, number of hours worked per week, gender and age. The outcome variable was the students’ grade point averages. The goal of the study was to see which health behavior affected grade point averages the mostRead MoreSleep Quality And Academic Performance Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst fundamental routine of sleep changes dramatically. College students rarely find themselves getting about eight hours of sleep every day. Thus started the idea of how a student’s academic performance can be affected by the amount of sleep t hey get. The research article, â€Å"Sleep Quality and Academic Performance in University Students: A Wake-Up Call for College Psychologists† written by Steven P. Gilbert and Cameron C. Weaver, represents the perfect study on how sleep quality and quantity can affectRead MoreSleep Quality And Academic Performance890 Words   |  4 Pages Sleep Quality Affecting College Student’s Academic Performance Sleep is one of the few necessities that are needed for humans to function and overall survive. People, generally adults, fail to realize the need for sleep when they are constantly working around the clock. This sort of deficiency leads to a common sleep disorder called sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation can affect teens and working adults but is seen predominately among college students. College students are succumbed to dedicating

SINCLAIR Surname Meaning and Origin

Taken from the hermit St. Clare or St. Clere, Sinclair is a derivation of the St. Claire surname, from the Latin clarus, meaning pure, renowned, illustrious. It was often bestowed as a habitational surname for someone from one of several places named for the dedication of their churches to St. Clarus, such as  Saint-Clair-sur-Elle in Manche, Normandy, France. SINCLAIR is the 79th most popular surname in Scotland. Surname Origin:  Scottish, English Alternate Surname Spellings:  SINCLAIRE, SINCLAR, ST CLAIR, SINKLER, SENCLAR, SENCLER   Famous People with the Surname SINCLAIR Upton Sinclair - American novelist and social crusaderClive Sinclair - British entrepreneur and inventorMalcolm Sinclair - Swedish nobleman whose  assassination eventually sparked the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 Genealogy Resources for the Surname SINCLAIR Common Scottish Surnames Their MeaningsUncover the meaning of your Scottish last name with this free guide to Scottish surnames meanings and origins. Clan SinclairLearn about the history of Clan Sinclair on this website of the Clan Chief and explore links to websites of the Clan Associations. Sinclair Family Genealogy ForumSearch or browse past posts in this genealogy forum dedicated to researchers of the Sinclair surname. Sinclair Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Sinclair family crest or coat of arms for the Sinclair surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - SINCLAIR GenealogyExplore over 830,000 historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Sinclair surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. SINCLAIR Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing lists for researchers of the Sinclair surname. DistantCousin.com - SINCLAIR Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Sinclair. The Sinclair Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Sinclair from the website of Genealogy Today. ----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

The Effective Literary Form of Foreshadowing Free Essays

O’Connor effectively uses the literary device of foreshadowing to create an atmosphere of suspense for a family that is doomed. There are several hints that point to the fate of the family in both the overall theme of a world of change and chaos and in specific lines from the text. Death and doom are frequently discussed and certain descriptive phrases, as early as the first sentence lead a reader to believe that doom is impending. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effective Literary Form of Foreshadowing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Specifically the grandmother and her choices and her description of choices all contribute to the foreshadowing. Her choice of dress and her reasons given for that is one example, as is the cat she chooses to bring and the animal’s role in the final event that leads to the death of the family. The Grandmother’s choice to take the dirt road and her mistake of direction is the final example of the foreshadowing that can be contributed to the reader’s sense of an almost inevitable and negative end. Firstly, the Grandmother does not wish to go on the trip, but agrees to go with certain pretenses. She refuses to leave her beloved cat at home while the family goes on their trip. The cat, â€Å"Pitty Sing†, is hidden in a basket as the Grandmother fears that the cat may die. O’Connor writes, â€Å"she was afraid he might brush against one of the gas burners and accidentally asphyxiate himself. Her son, Bailey didn’t like to arrive at a motel with a cat† (1135-1136). Her mention of both death and the inconvenience that bringing the cat would impose on the family shows both foreshadowing and irony, as the cat does cause an accident and inconveniences the family in the worst way. Both the concealed cat displayed by O’Connor as the Grandmother’s disregard for her family’s wishes and her lost sense of direction, as well contribute to the danger that the family is placed in. The dirt road that the Grandmother advises the family to go down is explained in detail in an ominous manner and the plot turns even more ominous as she realizes that she has the wrong road. O’Connor writes regarding the character that a horrible thought came to her†¦ her eyes dilated and her feet jumped up†¦ the instant the valise moved, the newspaper top she had over the basket rose with a snarl and Pitty Sing, the cat, sprang onto Bailey’s shoulder (1140). This incident does lead to a car accident on this abandoned, old road. Therefore, both the choice to bring the fateful animal and the choice to take the family in a wrong direction, sends a message of a foreshadowed and foreshortened future for the family. Finally, at the beginning of the story, when the cat is introduced into the plot, the Grandmother’s deception and dress are detailed. The foreshadowing of her outfit and accessories point to the fact that she has designed herself for death, in case that it comes. Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once she was a lady (1136). It should be noted that the idea or phrase of the word accident or accidental is used frequently in the story to show foreshadowing. In the citation with the cat and the uproar, there follows an automobile accident, where after the children scream several times both on pages 1140 and 1141, â€Å"We’ve had an ACCIDENT! †. The foreshadowing of the usage of accident is only paralleled by the actions leading to the family’s doom. In conclusion, O’Connor effectively uses examples of foreshadowing in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†. Three of these examples illustrate this in the previous paragraphs and all tie in together to help the reader and literary critic understand that the story has deeper meaning and context than one may originally think. The frequent reference to accident or fear that something may happen accidentally all contribute to the undertones and overtones of death, deception, and doom in a world of change and chaos. How to cite The Effective Literary Form of Foreshadowing, Papers

Nursing The High Quality Health Care

Question: Discuss about the Nursing for The High Quality Health Care? Answer: The present assignment defines the safe level of staffing and gives an explanation of the reason staffing level comes up as an issue. The assignment also puts up a discussion on the extent to which the concerned organisations and government are successful in handling the matter of staffing levels. It also has a focus on the belief in the National Health Service (NHS) and further takes into account the policy delivered by other institutions. Nurses' role in developing and formulating polices and their impact on the safety of patients is also discussed. In the end, policy evaluation is undertaken along with the analysis of Francis report and the influence on patients as a result of policy implementation. Safe staffing level refers to the practice where the level is sufficient for handling the environment of huge health burden, and patients are delivered care by certified nurses. According to the Nursing and Midwifery Council appropriate staffing level is required for the best possible health care services. The importance of safe staffing lies in that it has the potential of making an impact on the safety of the patients as nursing staffing gives care for these people in a suitable manner. Insufficient staffing has, therefore, a negative impact on patient (RCN, 2010). As per the Francis Report, failure recorded in Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust can be attributed to chronic nursing staffing shortage, having a negative influence on the care delivered to the patients admitted to the health care setting. Griffiths (2014) emphasised that ensuring the presence of adequate staffing in health care settings has a direct effect on the reduction of medication and medical errors, a decrea se of falls, mortality rate, infections and increase of patient satisfaction. This is in alignment with what the American Nurses Association (2014) states in this relation. According to the association, the decrease in nurse fatigue, improvement of nurse retention, the decrease in nurse burnout, enhancement of job satisfaction are all related to the prevalence of sufficient nursing staffing. In the context of all the discussion above, the problem of insufficient nursing staffing was addressed by the government to construct policies like the NICE guidelines (2014), Hard Truths (2014) and the Berwick Keogh (2013). All these made a desirable response to the Francis Report Enquiry on the poor quality of care delivered at the Mid Staffs and hed out a helping hand for tackling the issue of staffing levels for improving provisions of healthcare (Department of Health, 2013). Buse et als (2012) states that Royal College of Nursing (RCN) is a policy driver that had the aim of providing a strong and supportive framework in order to fulfil the targets of productivity and achieve efficiency for intended improvement of care quality and reduction of health costs in a suitable manner (Royal College of Nursing, 2013). Moreover, the report from RCN (2013) provides support to the recommendations regarding improvement of nursing staffing levels by responding to 290 Robert Francis recommendations and mentioning that a separate sector must be present for ensuring that no such failures are repeated in the future like the incidence of Mid Staffordshire (Royal College of Nursing, 2013). RCN (2013) adds to the subject by suggesting that the NHS must out the focus on care that is solely patient-centered. The burden of having a promising health cares service is therefore on the NHS employers for giving nursing staff the suitable support, resources and time or delivering the care worth mentioning with good ambition. On the contrary to Francis Report, 2013, David Cameron, the Prime Minister consulted a lead healthcare expert Professor Don Berwick to look into the matter of enlisting out the needs of the health care system that would reduce the harm to the patients to zero (NHS Employers, 2013). It was emphasised that NHS must take an initiative for making health care more safe to the patients and enabling a culture oriented care system that has full dedication on carrying out learning and improvement and strives in a continuous manner to reduce harm made to the patients that can be easily avoided. This was contradicted by RCN (2012) and Thungjaroenkul (2007) who said tha t there are instances of failures showed by NHS where the patients were not given safe care practices due to the fact that a minority of the NHS organisations could not be financially sustainable and, therefore, had to compromise on nursing staffing. The result was unsafe care quality and insufficient provisions of health care. Keogh (2013) mentioned that the NHS Director had the responsibility of giving justifications for the failings of the 14 trusts in England accountable for around 13000 additional deaths in the last ten years. As per the report of the The Sunday Telegraph (2007), a section of the patients having access to NHS are no longer having the faith they used to have on NHS and are choosing to go abroad for health care services. The reason for discriminating out NHS is long waiting lists and increased risk of infection. However, people not being able to afford to travel abroad for health care or not willing to do so remain on the long waiting list of the NHS in the United Kingdom. Jeremy Hunt, the Health Secretary, has ordered tightening up on NHS spending as an initiative to control the finances in order to reduce wastage. He was recorded stating that cut down of costs can be achieved by not recruiting agency staff while bringing improvements in frontline patient care. This step ensures to spiral down the staff bill that has the costing of 3.3 billion pounds per year. Moreover, new rules will make sure that agencies not present on the authorised framework are not used and will control the total spe nding for each trust functioning under NHS in cases of financial difficulties (DH, 2015 Kleebauer, 2015). In addition, the functioning of agency staff has witnessed rise to 3.3 billion pounds from a mere 1.8 billion pounds in three years in order to help out in nursing staffing. This drives the government to bring changes in the recruitment of the hospitals by recruiting more permanent staffs on the basis that there are evidence on better staffing refining the patient care (DH, 2015 Kleebauer, 2015). The main priority of the formulation of policies in the Francis Report was laid upon working together with the aim of ensuring that patients are kept first in the priority list while taking any decisions in professional conduct. Jeremy Hunt from Hard Truths' supports that patient must come before all other aspects taken up by NHS professionals. This takes into account staffs, patients, their families, carers, professionals and communities outside and inside the NHS. Needs of the patients and the community also comes before the boundaries of the health care organisation (Department of Health, 2014). On the contrary, Thungjaroenkul et al. (2007) reports that nine out of ten health care settings are not succeeding in meeting the set targets of delivering safe levels of patient care by nurses, the reason accountable to nursing. The author also reports that nurses are under immense pressure for caring for their patients in various adverse situations that have a negative impact on the overall care. It implies that increase in a number of nurses increases the satisfaction of the patients that can conversely translate to imply that decrease in nurse number reduces patient satisfaction. In matters of patient care, the Francis Inquiry recommends that NHS must take initiatives for improving care. It also states that the case of Mid Staffordshire was a result of insufficient staffing leading to patient negligence, falls, high rate of mortality. The guidelines put forward by National Institute of Health NICE (2014) has a section on the significance of safe staffing in wards with the aim of ensuring that all get the care they are worthy of. It is mentioned in the guideline that there is no particular ratio of nurses and patient that is applicable to the health care setting across the globe. This implies that each unit must address the safety of the patients by determining the requirements of the patients. Keogh (2014) agrees that patient safety is breached when there are insufficient nursing staffing and improper training of the professionals to deliver care. Nurses must not be considered as archetypical leaders (George et al 2014). However, they are pivotal in the health care delivery. This draws a conclusion that nurses must be given constant support and encouragement to have a major role in bringing about clinical innovation and changes. Nurses experiencing the greater extent of empowerments have more chances of engaging in the innovative behaviour (DH, 2008). The Productive Ward (PW) programme is a strategy put in place for empowering nurses with information and skills for governing care (NHSI, 2011; White et al. 2014). The module-based program is for enabling nursing staff to give more time to direct patient care by bringing improvements in processes and environment. This is in congruency with enhancing staff and developing the quality of care (Armitage et al. 2011, Lennard, 2012). For fulfilling the aim, the program requires to meet the QIPP challenge and align the interventions with clinically driven decisions (DH, 2008). Safe Staffing Alliance has stated that ration of nurses to the patient must be not more than one is to eight in order to maintain the safe level. This is the minimum acceptable level as nurses taking care of more than eight patients at a time increases risk of death and unsafe incidences (Safe Staffing Alliance, 2013; Hughes, 2014). Gregory (2013) and Patterson (2011) reported that nurses were working in settings where there is a nursing shortage suffer from job dissatisfaction and has high patient caseloads and experience more burnout. Moreover, nurse disillusion leads to compromise in values and standards. Both Keogh (2013) and Patterson (2011) concluded that nursing staffing shortfall makes it tough for professionals to practice excellent care delivery. Keogh (2013) agreed with the above writer and elaborated that understaffing leads to a decline of presentism, thereby leaving few staff ready to work. This results in pressure on the nurses and they are forced to leave the jobs tha t lead to their exhaustion and burnout. The valuable experience they have are lost from the system, and this results in a skill gap that is difficult to fulfil. Service impairment is the ultimate result. Unison (2013) gives an opinion in this regard that effective skill mix has a pivotal role in addition to safe levels of staffing. Thus, health care organisations must have the suitable balance of nursing staff for proper care delivery (Unison, 2013). Improper staffing within the NHS has a deep impact on the safety of patients as complexities of nursing staffing is the main factor. Eleven hospitals were taken under consideration for special measures since most of them failed to deliver patient care and Jeremy Hunt, the Health Secretary, said that after the analysis of the 14 trusts, high death were reported. The problems entrenched in the health care system and gave rise to tough actions being taken up. The problems identified by Jeremy encompassed the fact that patients are constantly being neglected due to poor leadership and staffing issues (Tingle, 2013; Keogh, 2014). It was supported by Tingle (2013) and Keogh (2014) reporting on a nation wide Unison survey undertaken on 3000 nurses that 65% nurses think patient care is being neglected as the result of the situation where nurses do not get adequate time to take care of a patient. This lack of time was confirmed from the same study when 45% of the participants stated that they had to give care to more than eight patients at a time in spite of the recommendation to have a nurse and patient ratio of 1:4. The response of Unison was that they had the knowledge about nurses feeling the priority of minimum staffing and felt that the aspect is fundamental to care quality and patient safety. It also emphasised that it aims to ensure nurses have the opportunity to deliver compassionate and safe care to the best of their ability and contribute to care provision that is valued by all (Unison 2015). The Francis Report (2013) has being empowering nurses to react when they are facing issues in nursing staffing. If such reports are not made, there are risks of having poor quality care and the result might be high mortality rate. Nurses, in any case, want to deliver best possible care and want others to do the same too. However, there lies a concern that nurses are speaking out their views may be harried and face bullying. The Guardian highlighted that a section of the staff raise concerns about the unsafe level of staffing but actions were nor taken up. The Francis report identified that safe staffing issues are addressed by the government and they are trying to ensure that issues are sorted out fast so that reduction of patient harm can be reduced (Campbell, 2013). NICE (2014) put forward new guidelines and in that it has stated that patients have the right to receive the best possible care regardless of the day time, week and type of clinical need. Ford (2014) and Keogh (2014) highlighted that there is a necessity to have red flag' events. A red flag means that a system for management of critical staffing levels is initiated. Definition of such events can be put in place locally. However, there would be setbacks like users of services not allocated with significant aspects of supervision. The red flags would highlight the presence of danger in the wards in relation to insufficient staffing. Nurses would be alerted to take actions and ensure that care is not compromised. Moreover, the red flags help in ensuring that efficient and safe levels of staffing are present for rendering services. This response on patient care comes as the aftermath of Mid Staff scandal (Nice, 2014; Hughes, 2014). Unison (2013) states that measures are to be taken for introducing patient safety measures. This is a paramount aspect in health care settings. This brings the need of staffs in the healthcare setting to flag up situations they feel are danger for patient safety, and the organisations must provide constant support to these staffs. This can be done by forcing them to maintain good guidelines for practice and lead to maintenance of quality services. However, the nurses may be forced to cut corners. For example, nurses under pressure and having no time to record patient information in a correct manner can give the delegate tasks to other nurses who have the proper training (Unison, 2015). Unison (2015) expected that the results of 2015 survey would be more positive and have more significant improvements since the government claims that it has brought the increase in nursing numbers as per the guidance of safe staffing levels of NICE. The Francis Report and Berwick recommendations state to improve staffing levels. However, when Unison puts forward a comparison fo the surveys of the previous years, it is evident that no improvements have been made in relation to safe staffing as many nurses till continue to care for more than eight patients at a time. This leads to harm to the patients. Unison, therefore, states that it wants staffing levels to be improved and minimum patient to nurse ration to be identified. There is also the necessity to have red flag events raised by the nurses as per the NICE guidelines. This also puts forward the need of reviewing the guidelines of NICE. This review would assess the compliance with effectiveness and recommendations of red flag even ts (Unison, 2015). The Royal College of Nursing has been accepting a number of suggestions in the Francis Report. The reaction of the government is that developments are to be made for improving staffing levels by the strengthening the staff planning and regulatory processes. The development of appliances and staffing-level standards is a chance to ensure that evidence-based practice is undertaken. The CQC's standards are to be abided by in this regard, and this would manage the health care system. Moreover, this must have a clear picture of both the public and the contributors on what the scenario of staffing levels are, skill mix and patient and nurse ratio. The RCN puts composition of many personal organising resources in a strong position that aids in the invention of the nursing appliances (RCN, 2013). As per the policy statement, the foundation for bringing changes has been kept along the recommendations of Robert Francis. The observations of the CQC would be established on a more simple position, and this brings the necessity to take up durable actions to address inadequate staffing level and reduction in quality of care (Tinlge, 2013). Moreover, the CQC observations would make an appeal to the providers and would consolidate the basic qualities that will be prosecutable and will reflect the vital requirements of a central quality service. In conclusion, the present writing is an attempt to explore policy drivers and influence of nursing staffing levels on care quality within the NHS. It has established the facts that negative influence is associated with improper staffing levels on the experiences of the patient and nurses. In relation with impact on patient care, it has been shown that nurses have a tendency to work under pressure because of having to take care of eight patients at a time. Insufficient staffing levels lead to stressed nurses, burnouts, medication errors, high staff turnover and loss of interest. In relation to patient safety, it has been stated that inadequate staffing levels result in negligence of patients and poor quality of care. Such incidences of patient care are evidenced by the scandal of Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust identified by the Francis Report (2013). The report drove the government to set out policies for staffing levels. The care given to Mid Staffordshire was not up to the standard, and it led to high mortality rate, pressure scores, falls and infections. As mentioned that policies have been ensuring patient care, productive methods are to be used for empowering the nurses. The assignment also states that patient has lost faith in the NHS. The government needs to ensure that staffing levels are maintained in all NHS hospitals for delivering the high quality health care.

Astronaut Neil Armstrong Biography

Astronaut Neil Armstrong Biography On July 20, 1969, one of the most momentous actions of all time took place not on Earth but on another world. Astronaut Neil Armstrong stepped out of the lunar lander Eagle, descended a ladder, and set foot on the surface of the Moon. Then, he spoke the most famous words of the 20th Century: Its one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. His action  was the culmination of years of research and development, success and failure, all sustained by both the U.S. and then-Soviet Union in the race to the Moon. Fast Facts: Neil Alden Armstrong Birth: August 5, 1930Death: August 25, 2012Parents: Stephen Koenig Armstrong and Viola Louise EngleSpouse: Married twice, once to Janet Armstrong, then to Carol Held Knight, 1994Children: Karen Armstrong, Eric Armstrong, Mark ArmstrongEducation: Purdue University, Masters Degree from USC.Main Accomplishments: Navy test pilot, NASA astronaut for Gemini missions and Apollo 11, which he commanded. The first person to set foot on the Moon. Early Life Neil Armstrong was born August 5, 1930, on a farm in Wapakoneta, Ohio. His parents, Stephen K. Armstrong and Viola Engel, raised him in a series of towns in Ohio while his father worked as a state auditor. As a youth, Neil held many jobs, but none more exciting than one at the local airport. After starting flying lessons at the age of 15, he got his pilots license on his 16th birthday, before he had even earned a drivers license. After his high school years at Blume High School in Wapakonetica, Armstrong decided to pursue a degree in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University before committing to serving in the Navy.   In 1949, Armstrong was called to Pensacola Naval Air Station before he could complete his degree. There he earned his wings at the age of 20, the youngest pilot in his squadron. He flew 78 combat mission in Korea, earning three medals, including the Korean Service Medal. Armstrong was sent home before the conclusion of the war and finished his bachelors degree in 1955. Testing New Boundaries After college, Armstrong decided to try his hand as a test pilot. He applied to  National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) - the agency that preceded NASA - as a test pilot, but was turned down. So, he took a post at Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio. However, it was less than a year before Armstrong transferred to Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) in California to work at NACAs High Speed Flight Station. During his tenure at Edwards Armstrong conducted test flights of more than 50 types of experimental aircraft, logging 2,450 hours of flight time. Among his accomplishments in these aircraft, Armstrong was able to achieve speeds of Mach 5.74 (4,000 mph or 6,615 km/h) and an altitude of 63,198 meters (207,500 feet), but in the X-15 aircraft. Armstrong had a technical efficiency in his flying that was the envy of most of his colleagues. However, he was criticized by some of the non-engineering pilots, including Chuck Yeager and Pete Knight, who observed that his technique was too mechanical. They argued that flying was, at least in part, feel, that it was something that didnt come naturally to the engineers. This sometimes got them into trouble. Neil Armstrong was a test pilot before coming to NASA. This shows him at the Dryden Research center in 1960 after he became a NASA research test pilot. He flew missions in the first X-15 rocket plane. NASA   While Armstrong was a comparatively successful test pilot, he was involved in several aerial incidents that didnt work out so well. One of the most famous occurred when he was sent in an F-104 to investigate Delamar Lake as a potential emergency landing site. After an unsuccessful landing damaged the radio and hydraulic system, Armstrong headed toward Nellis Air Force Base. When he tried to land, the tail hook of the plane lowered due to the damaged hydraulic system and caught the arresting wire on the airfield. The plane slid out of control down the runway, dragging the anchor chain along with it. The problems didnt end there. Pilot Milt Thompson was dispatched in an F-104B to retrieve Armstrong. However, Milt had never flown that aircraft and ended up blowing one of the tires during a hard landing. The runway was then closed for the second time that day to clear the landing path of debris. A third aircraft was sent to Nellis, piloted by Bill Dana. But Bill almost landed his T-33 Shooting Star long, prompting Nellis to send the pilots back to Edwards using ground transportation. Crossing Into Space In 1957, Armstrong was selected for the Man In Space Soonest (MISS) program. Then in September 1963, he was selected as the first American civilian to fly in space.   Three years later, Armstrong was the command pilot for the Gemini 8 mission, which launched March 16. Armstrong and his crew performed the first-ever docking with another spacecraft, an unmanned Agena target vehicle. After 6.5 hours in orbit they were able to dock with the craft, but due to complications, they were unable to complete what would have been the third-ever extra-vehicular activity, now referred to as a spacewalk. Armstrong also served as the CAPCOM, who is typically the only person who to communicate directly with the astronauts during missions to space. He did this for the Gemini 11 mission. However, it was not until the Apollo program began that Armstrong again ventured into space. The Apollo Program Armstrong  was  commander of the backup crew of the Apollo 8 mission, though he had been originally scheduled to back-up the Apollo 9 mission. (Had he remained as the  backup commander, he would have been slated to command Apollo 12, not  Apollo 11.) Initially, Buzz Aldrin, the  Lunar Module Pilot, was to be the first to  set foot on the Moon. However, because of the positions of the astronauts in the module, it would require Aldrin to physically crawl over Armstrong to reach the hatch. As such, it was decided that it would be easier for Armstrong to exit the module first upon landing. Apollo 11 touched down on the surface of the Moon on July 20, 1969, at which point Armstrong declared, Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed. Apparently, Armstrong had only seconds of fuel left before the thrusters would cut out. If that had happened, the lander would have plummeted to the surface. That didnt happen, much to everyones relief. Armstrong and Aldrin exchanged congratulations before quickly preparing the lander to launch off the surface in case of an emergency. Humanitys Greatest Achievement On July 20, 1969, Armstrong made his way down the ladder from the Lunar Lander and, upon reaching the bottom declared Im going to step off the LEM now. As his left boot made contact with the surface he then spoke the words that defined a generation, Thats one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. This grainy, black-and-white image taken on the Moon shows Neil Armstrong about to step off the Eagle lander and onto the surface of the Moon for the first time. NASA   About 15 minutes after exiting the module, Aldrin joined him on the surface and they began investigating the lunar surface. They planted the American flag, collected rock samples, took images and video, and transmitted their impressions back to Earth. The final task carried out by Armstrong was to leave behind a package of memorial items in remembrance of deceased Soviet cosmonauts  Yuri Gagarin  and Vladimir Komarov, and  Apollo 1  astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White and  Roger Chaffee. All told, Armstrong and Aldrin spent 2.5 hours on the lunar surface, paving the way for other Apollo missions. The astronauts then returned to Earth, splashing down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969. Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor bestowed upon civilians, as well as a host of other medals from NASA and other countries. Life After Space Astronaut Neil Armstrong at the Legends of Aerospace event at the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum on March 14, 2010, in NYC. Neilson Barnard/Getty Images for Intrepid Sea, Air, and Space Museum.  Ã‚   After his Moon trip, Neil Armstrong completed a masters degree in aerospace engineering at the University of Southern California and worked  as an administrator with NASA and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). He next turned his attention to education and accepted a teaching position at the University of Cincinnati with the Department of Aerospace Engineering. He held this appointment until 1979. Armstrong also served on two investigation panels. The first was after the  Apollo 13  incident, while the second came after the  Challenger explosion. Armstrong lived much of his life after NASA life outside the public eye, and  worked in private industry and consulted for NASA until his retirement. He made occasional public appearances until shortly before his death on August 25, 2012. His ashes were buried at sea in the Atlantic Ocean the following month.  His words and deeds live on in the annals of space exploration, and he was widely admired by space explorers and space enthusiasts around the world. Sources Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Neil Armstrong.†Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 1 Aug. 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Neil-Armstrong.Chaikin, Andrew.A Man on the Moon. Time-Life, 1999.Dunbar, Brian. â€Å"Biography of Neil Armstrong.†NASA, NASA, 10 Mar. 2015, www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/bios/neilabio.html.Wilford, John Noble. â€Å"Neil Armstrong, First Man on the Moon, Dies at 82.†The New York Times, The New York Times, 25 Aug. 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/08/26/science/space/neil-armstrong-dies-first-man-on-moon.html. Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

They As a Nonbinary Pronoun

They As a Nonbinary Pronoun They As a Nonbinary Pronoun They As a Nonbinary Pronoun By Mark Nichol A few weeks ago, an acquaintance visited me, and as my visitor exited the parked car, I saw that it was still occupied. My visitor, standing before me, made a reference to â€Å"they,† but only one person sat in the vehicle, and I was momentarily puzzled. I have written here before about my support for acceptance of they as a gender-inclusive singular pronoun; I agree with many people that he is no longer acceptable to refer to all people, and that alternatives, while often reasonable and effective, do not preclude the need to fill a curious gap in English vocabulary. However, this incident points out a new wrinkle in the issue. When the person sitting in the passenger seat got out of the car, it was obvious to me that this was someone who most observers would identify as a woman. However, two factors explained my acquaintance’s use of they to refer to the passenger: First, the person had an androgynous appearance. More significantly, my acquaintance is transgender, and a gender activist. I have been comfortable in the company of a number of people who do not conform to binary gender roles. However, this was the first time, to my knowledge, that I had been introduced to someone who rejects binary gender assignment and prefers to be identified by the fluid alternative they. This is not a sociopolitical forum, so discussion about the merit of this philosophy is irrelevant. The purpose of this post is to point out that many people do not consider themselves male or female, whether they align with physical and social characteristics associated with one gender or the other or not- and that regardless of your opinion about this issue, it exists, and it is one that writers likely will have to address at some point, if they have not already done so. Unfortunately, shifting attitudes about gender in our culture complicate expression- and, most pertinently here, composition. People are increasingly asserting a right to self-identify with a neutral use of the pronoun they. To them, gender is not relevant or significant- and that is often true. But when I met the person who prompted this post, I wondered whether my acquaintance, who was born â€Å"male† but identifies as female, also prefers the ambiguous pronoun. I didn’t ask, however, and when I used she to refer to my acquaintance, I was not corrected. Ultimately, when someone chooses to assert an identity, it is that person’s responsibility to call attention to that identification if it is relevant. For example, if I am going to speak or write of someone whose presentation is ambiguous in terms of gender, it is not my obligation to guess how that person self-identifies. But I am obliged to honor the person’s stated choice of self-identification, and that is a consideration that professional and lay writers alike will need to make as our society slowly but inexorably evolves to embrace a more fluid approach to gender identity. If it is relevant to mention a person’s gender in writing, a reporter can make one of three choices when the subject asserts gender self-identity that may not conform to the reporter’s perception: Accept, reject, or circumvent. I strongly recommend the first option, oppose the second one with equally vehemence, and acknowledge that the third choice is valid but indefensible if the subject insists on acknowledgment of his, her, or their self-identification and/or if the context requires it. In summary, they as a nonbinary gender indicator is going mainstream, and therefore is entering the lexicon as such. I’ll let the Associated Press Style Book have the last word: â€Å"In stories about people who identify as neither male nor female or ask not to be referred to as he/she/him/her:  Use the person’s name in place of a pronoun, or otherwise reword the sentence, whenever possible. If they/them/their use is essential, explain in the text that the person prefers a gender-neutral pronoun. Be sure that the phrasing does not imply more than one person.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101Comma Before But50 Synonyms for "Song"

Critically discuss Plato's theory of the psyche and relate it with Essay

Critically discuss Plato's theory of the psyche and relate it with managing today - Essay Example Plato understood that the human psyche is in constant exchange with the external social, cultural and political environment. The similarities between Plato’s and Freud’s conceptions of the psyche are relevant to modern business management because Freudian psychoanalysis is well entrenched in Human Resources Management practice. The continued utility of Plato’s theory of the psyche to modern managers is illustrated by its perusal in management seminars and workshops. Even the process of knowledge creation and transfer prevalent in management practice today has parallels to Plato’s ideas on knowledge. Plato’s theory of psyche remains an eminent source of wisdom and counsel to leaders in various fields today. Introduction: Plato is one of the most influential philosophers from the Hellenistic Age, whose ideas are still relevant to modern times. Business management as we know it today was not a preoccupation of Plato. For that matter, management of busi ness enterprises under a capitalist framework is a modern phenomenon ushered in by the Industrial Revolution of late 18th century. But Plato was a polymath, who forwarded treatises on a range of subjects. Questions of what constitutes good governance under a monarch was a focus of his thought. When we look closely, there are many parallels between the structure of a kingdom and that of a business corporation. Both are more or less authoritarian institutions with a top-down power hierarchy. With the net worth of many Fortune 500 corporations is equivalent to the GDP of some nations, corporate houses are rightly referred to as ‘empires’ in management literature. Hence, although the thoughts of Plato and that of Peter Drucker are separated by two millennia, the former can be seen as a management guru in his own right. In particular, Plato’s speculations and assertions on the nature of human psyche have withstood the test of time and are a useful aid to modern manage rs. This essay will flesh out this thesis in detail. Body of Essay: It is fair to state that of all ancient Greek philosophers, it was Plato, who defined and characterized the nature of the psyche in great detail. Plato was the one who â€Å"defined the abstract and the rational as equivalent to the moral good. He equated self-knowledge with self-restraint, and proclaimed that knowledge is virtue.... Lack of knowledge and the irrational, were equated with moral evil, and then, with madness.† (Buckley, 2001, p. 452) For Plato, the ‘soma’ makes up the physical body, while the psyche is the what animates a body and gives it life. Psyche is what distinguishes a living creature from a dead one. The body, on the other hand, plays host to the psyche and can either restrict or extend the expression of psyche. According to Plato, the psyche is not made of substance and it is immortal. Plato divided human psyche into three components – the rational, affective and ap petitive. In simple terms, examples of appetites or desires are thirst, hunger, etc. The ability to overcome the appetites is the function of the rational. And the appetitive, also called the Spirit is the moral compass as attuned by social norms. He defined conflict as a â€Å"struggle between the rational and the appetitive portions with each trying to enlist the affective portion on its side." (Buckley, 2001, p.453) For example, conflicts could arise in simple situation like these: I know it is wrong to lie, but can’

Dubai VS tempe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dubai VS tempe - Essay Example In both cities there is freedom of worship; with Tempe’s dominant religion being Christianity and Dubai’s dominant religion being Islam. Both cities are important transit routes to various global destinations and are homes to various multinationals, modern shopping malls and numerous financial services providers. The system of government in Dubai is that of constitutional monarchy whereas Tempe is governed by County government of Maricopa. Dubai’s population is bigger than Tempe’s. Dubai has a total of 1,137,347 people whereas that of Tempe is 158,625.The official currency in Dubai is the dirham abbreviated as DH whereas the official currency in Tempe is the United States dollar, abbreviated as USD. Thus Dubai and Tempe are important economic hubs for their respective countries and are very crucial to the development of their local economies. The two cities are also important tourist resort cities and attract numerous visitors annually. Thus Dubai and Tempe are key strategic cities whose contribution to their countries’ economic development cannot be

Methods for Short and Long Term Memory Formation

Methods for Short and Long Term Memory Formation The purpose of the experiment was to determine which Learning Method was the most effective for short- and long-term memory formation. Method efficacy was tested via a Short-Term Memory (STM), and Long-Term Memory (LTM), glyph recall test. There were four groups, each using a different Learning Method which varied in two factors: written repetition (10X/none) and movie viewing (before/after STM test). The Learning Method was used to introduce the symbols, and there was a short maths test before the STM test. Symbol recall was assessed again in the LTM test, three weeks later. As the LTM test was taken after the STM test, all students had watched the movies. Analysis suggested that Learning Method 1 produced higher scores; students who wrote the symbol 10X and viewed the movie prior to taking the STM test had significantly greater glyph recall compared to those who used the other methods (p While Learning Method 1 appeared to be the most effective, it is possible that the results were affected by experimental design flaws; notably, the non-standardised test conditions. The degree of symbol retention demonstrated on the LTM test may be related to memory consolidation, which is aided by hippocampal ripple oscillations. The Learning Methods for each group were as follows (for the method code definitions and full method, see the Appendix): Group 1 (Learning Method 1): WB-1X_MB_10X Group 2 (Learning Method 2): WB-1X_MA_10X Group 3 (Learning Method 3): WB-1X_MB Group 4 (Learning Method 4): WB-1X_MA The independent variable is the Learning Method and the dependent variable is the number of symbols recalled correctly on the memory tests (STM and LTM). Method 1 was the most involved (writing 10X, and watching the movie beforehand). The alternative hypotheses are: Ha: if Short-Term glyph recall is related to the Learning Method (Method 1, 2, 3, 4), then students in Group 1, who used Method 1 (WB-1X_MB_10X), will recall a greater number of symbols correctly on a Short-Term Memory test. Ha: if Long-Term glyph recall is related to the Learning Method used for the Short-Term Memory test (Method 1, 2, 3, 4), then students in Group 1, who used Method 1, will recall a greater number of symbols correctly on a Long-Term Memory test. For the STM data, Levene’s test established that there was an effect of variance (p p p p p = 0.8790) and those in Groups 3 and 4 (p = 0.9260). For the LTM data, Levene’s test established that there was no effect of variance (p > 0.05). As the variance is not significant, a One-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test can be used to test the hypothesis. The One-way ANOVA established that LTM test scores differed as a function of Learning Method used [F(3, 124) = 66.0280, p p p = 0.6160). The results support the alternative hypotheses that if glyph recall is related to the Learning Method used, then students in Group 1 (who used Method 1) will recall a greater number of symbols correctly on both a STM and LTM test. As the test scores for students who used Method 1 were significantly higher in both the STM and LTM tests, at a significance level of 0.05, the alternative hypothesis is favoured. By adopting the alternative hypotheses there is a possibility of Type 1 error in both cases. The hippocampus contributes critically to memory formation, organisation, and storage Memory consolidation, a process that transforms newly acquired information into long-term memory, also depends on the hippocampus. Through consolidation, labile newly formed memory traces are progressively strengthened into long-term memories and become more resistant to interference. However, it is suggested that they remain susceptible to updating and modification The hippocampus generates high-frequency ripple oscillations in local-field potentials (LFPs), observed most prominently in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal layer Ripples participate in strengthening and reorganising memory traces, possibly by mediating information transfer to neocortical areas Memory traces are represented by assemblies of principal neurons that are activated during ripple-associated network states There is evidence suggesting that memory consolidation is enhanced during sleep and resting (â€Å"off-line†) states Sleep is a state which optimises the consolidation of newly acquired information in memory, depending on the specific conditions of learning and the timing of sleep It induces long-lasting cellular and network modifications responsible for memory stabilisation A proposed neural mechanism for sleep-dependent memory consolidation, is reactivation of awake experience (neuronal replay) in the hippocampus which is associated with sharp wave-ripple (SPW-R) events that occur primarily during off-line states SPW-Rs are â€Å"aperiodic, recurrent instances of large deflections (sharp waves) in the hippocampal LFP†, and they are associated with synchronous fast-field oscillations (ripples) During SPW-R events, hippocampal cell firing closely follows the pattern that took place during the initial experience Theta (4-8 Hz) oscillations and ripples (~200 Hz) occurring during sharp waves may mediate encoding and consolidation, respectively. Pyramidal neurons replay previous waking activity in a temporally compressed manner, thus reactivated firing patterns occur within shorter time windows propitious for synaptic plasticity within the hippocampal network and in downstream neocortical structures. Slow-wave sleep (SWS) supports system consolidation and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep supports synaptic consolidation through specific patterns of neuromodulatory activity and electric field potential oscillations. During SWS, there is a diminution in cholinergic activity and the ripples stimulate the redistribution and transfer of hippocampus-dependent memories to the neocortex The thalamocortical spindles generated by the thalamus arrive at the neocortex at the same time as the hippocampal memory information, due to the slow oscillations which facilitate the transfer, and this synchronisation is thought to be vital to the long-term storage of memories within neocortical networks During REM sleep, at high cholinergic and theta activity, local increases in plasticity-related immediate-early gene activity may promote synaptic consolidation of memories in the cortex Incoming signals move through the hippocampus via a ‘trisynaptic loop’ consisting of synapses between principal cells in the dentate gyrus (DG), CA3 and CA1 Hofer et al investigated the cellular and network properties of SPW-Rs with simultaneous laminar multielectrode and intracellular recordings in a rat hippocampal slice model. Spontaneous SPW-Rs were generated in the DG, CA3, and CA1 regions During the memory encoding phase, the hippocampus binds neocortical representations to local memory traces. Then, during the off-line periods, the traces are concurrently reactivated in the hippocampus and cortex to potentiate the corticocortical connections underlying stored representations Studies show that disruption of ripples during post-learning SWS impairs memory consolidation and learning In an experiment conducted by Ego-Stengel and Wilson rats were trained daily in two identical tasks, each followed by a one hour rest period. Following one of the tasks, neuronal activity associated with ripple events was disrupted, without changing the sleep-wake structure, via selective stimulation of hippocampal afferents. It was found that the rats learned the control task significantly faster than the task followed by the stimulation, which suggests that interfering with hippocampal processing during sleep led to decreased learning Similarly, Nokia et al. found that disrupting hippocampal ripples using electrical stimulation either during training in awake animals, or during sleep after training, had a negative impact on learning A study by Wang et al indicated that the median raphe region (MnR) is important for regulating hippocampal ripple activity and memory consolidation. A fear conditioning procedure was used to determine this relationship, via interruption of ripple activity. Simultaneous in vivo recording in the MnR and hippocampus of mice showed that, when a group of MnR neurons was active, ripples were absent; ripple activity was related to the activity of MnR neurons. Additionally, MnR may regulate memory consolidation via its projections to thalamocortical regions, which facilitate interactions between the hippocampus, thalamus and cortical regions during SWS. Under the assumption that there was little deliberate reactivation of memory traces for the symbols in the three weeks following the STM test, the degree of retention of the symbols on the LTM test may be related to memory consolidation via hippocampal ripples occurring during sleep and rest. There were a number of limitations which may have affected the validity of the results. The major limitation was the non-standardised test conditions. Since different groups took the test at different times of the day, and different individuals have performance peaks at different clock times randomisation of subjects is important. This also leads to the possibility that students in an earlier group may have informed others of the symbols or experimental procedures. Knowledge of the tests could have influenced the students’ concentration, with those who knew being more likely to apply themselves to the Learning Method. While all students would be likely to undergo some degree of memory consolidation following the STM test, those who were aware of the experimental design would likely have greater retention. If all students took the test at the same time under standardised conditions, it would be less likely for this issue to affect the results. Additionally, the small sample size, and the fact that the participants were all students of one course (Neuroscience), also means that the external validity of the experiment, and thus the generalisability to groups other than the experimental group, cannot be established. There was also only one group per Learning Method, so it is unknown if the results are repeatable.

How Has Pop Music Changed over the Last 80 Years Essay

Over the past 80 years, pop music has changed largely due to many reasons. For example, our technology has developed majorly, resulting in auto tune being overused by popular artists of this generation, along with the change in the way we regard music now. Also, the genres of music that are now popular have changed, and rap and alternative/indie music have advanced massively in popularity. To begin with, technology has progressed a great deal, which has influenced music produced recently. An example of this is auto tune, which has been used by countless artists; Rihanna, Chris Brown, Ke$ha, Kanye West and Justin Bieber are only a small number of these. This means that music these days is much less natural, and artist’s voices are often entirely altered. Another way the development of technology has changed how we listen to pop music, is websites on the Internet such as YouTube, which allow us to explore different genres of music much more easily. Since TVs, radios, and cellular devices have been made more accessible, advertising for new music has become much more common, this means that we are introduced to new genres and styles of music. The development of technology has provided us with an overall easier access to music, and has opened us to different types of music that we would not have originally listened to. It also provided artists with a chance to use new types of editing to change the sound of their music. Music is popular with children, teenagers and adults. More often than not, teenagers are seen with mp3s and earphones, but children are often singing music from TV shows, and adults singing songs from ‘back in the day’. In the 50s, pop music stopped being a genre listened to by children and adults alike, but started being specifically for teens. Artists like Justin Bieber, One Direction, Elvis and The Wanted used sex appeal to make their music sell. Elvis was nicknamed ‘Elvis Pelvis’ for the way he moved his hips, and most boy bands are known better for their good looks than their music. Younger artists are now coming in with new music, and their music is appreciated more by teens who feel more of a relation with them, because of the closer age gap.

Determination of Refractive Index of Prism Using Spectrometer and Various Light Sources

Determination of Refractive Index of Prism using Spectrometer and Various Light Sources Dimain, Marion; Gonzales, Jade; Pancho Jr. , Ronel; Viloria, Matthew David College of Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines [email  protected] com [email  protected] com [email  protected] com tewhmat. [email  protected] com Abstract The study aims to measure the refractive index of a triangular prism using a spectrometer, utilizing different gas discharge tubes as light source.With the use of the discrete spectrum of mercury vapor, hydrogen gas and neon gas, each of the visible color in their respective spectrum passing through the prism was used as the incident ray. The results determined that the red light of the neon discharge tube brought about a calculated refractive index closest to the theoretical value. I. Introduction The spectrometer is an instrument for analyzing the spectra of radiations. A prism refracts the light into a single spe ctrum, whereas the diffraction grating divides the available light into several spectra.Because of this, slit images formed using a prism are generally brighter than those formed using a grating. Spectral lines that are too dim to be seen with a grating can often be seen using a prism. Unfortunately, the increased brightness of the spectral lines is offset by a decreased resolution, since the prism doesn’t separate the different lines as effectively as the grating. However, the brighter lines allow a narrow slit width to be used, which partially compensates for the reduced resolution. Prism refers to any transparent medium having two or more plane surfaces.A familiar example is the triangular prism, usually made of glass, used to split beam of white light into its component colors. When light is refracted through a prism it is dispersed into its constituent colors, and the angle at which the light emerges from the prism depends upon its wavelength. A prism spectrometer can be used to measure the deviation angles. Since the deviation angles also depend upon the index of refraction of the glass from which the prism is made, they can be used to calculate the index of refraction ? at the different wavelengths via: ? sinA+Dmin2sinA2 (1) where A is the apex angle of the prism and Dmin is the minimum deviation angle of a specific color in the discrete spectrum. [3] The tip of the prism where the two refracting surfaces meet is the apex angle. Deviation angle is defined as the angle between the original incident beam and the final transmitted beam. Figure 1. The apex angle A and the deviation angle D. [5] With reference to Figure 1, light travelling in medium n1 is incident at an angle ? i1 to the normal of one face of the prism having refractive index n2.The incident light is refracted at the first interface and travels at angle ? t1 with respect to the normal. This light is incident at the second face of the prism at an angle ? i2 and finally refracted again to exit the prism at angle ? t2. The deviation angle is therefore equal to: D=(? i1 – ? t1) + (? t2-? i2) (2) In Figure 1, the polygon abcd, there are two right angles ? abc and ? adc. Also for the polygon, since the sum of opposite angles should be 180? so ? bcd + ? A = 180?. [5] Further, in triangle bcd we have ? bcd+? 1+ ? i2=180?. Therefore, the sum of angle A is ? t1+? i2. Relating D and A, D=? i1+ ? t2- ? A. When the prism is rotated perpendicular to the plane of incidence, i. e. such that the incidence angle ? i1 is varied continuously, the deviation of the transmitted light changes. [5] This deviation goes through a minimum Dmin. By symmetry we can argue that the minimum deviation position should be independent of the direction in which light enters the prism. In other words, light entering the prism from the left or right should exhibit the same properties of refraction, minimum deviation, etc. 5] Therefore, if we reverse the direction of light, thus having the new incident light ? i1new=? t2old and ? t2new=? i1old. Experimentally, it is observed that Dmin occurs when the refracted ray inside the prism makes equal angles with the two faces. This means that if we reverse the direction in which light is incident on the prism, we have a new ? i1= ? t2at which the Dmin occurs. However, experimentally, only one Dmin occurs and therefore ? i1= ? t2 at Dmin. [5] Using Snell’s law, we have: n1n2=sin? i1sin? t1 (3) Using minimum deviation we have:Dmin=2sin? i1-A or ? i1=Dmin+A2 (4) From the equivalent sum of angle A, ? t1=A-? i2. Thus, using the minimum angle condition we have ? t1=A2. Substituting the values of ? i1 and ? t1 with n2 as one on Equation 3, yields Equation 1. II. Methodology The materials utilized in the study were triangular prism of unknown refractive index, laser light source, protractor, gas discharge tubes (mercury, hydrogen, and neon), high voltage power supply for discharge tubes and spectrometer.The index of refraction of the prism was first measured using the protractor, laser light source and prism. First the telescope was focused to distant objects i. e. infinity and maintained until the experiment is over, so as not to refocus again. [2] The collimator was adjusted such that the image seen in the telescope is sharp. [2] The diffraction grating holder from the spectrometer table was removed and replaced with prism clamp. The triangular prism was placed and clipped on the table and oriented as shown in Figure 2.The telescope was set to read the angle of the light that is reflected off each face of the prism. The difference between the scale readings at clockwise point a and counterclockwise point b, shown in the Figure 2, equals twice the apex angle A. The value of the apex angle A was calculated. Figure 2. The experimental set-up and measurement of the apex angle A. [3] Using the positioning jig, the prism was rotated on the spectrometer table so that it is oriented as shown in Figure 3. When gas es or vapors of elements are heated or exposed to high voltage they emit light.The emitted light can be split into its component wavelengths by passing it through a diffraction grating or prism. The emission spectrum is unique and characteristic to each element. The discrete spectrum each gas discharge tube was observed. The average angular displacements (clockwise and counter-clockwise) of each color were tabulated while rotating the telescope as the visible colors of the spectra was scanned. Using the values gathered for the apex angles and angle of minimum deviation, the index refraction was computed using Equation 1. Figure 3.Measurement of the angle of minimum deviation D. [3] III. Results and Discussion The measured apex angle A of the prism was 60?. Using the laser light source the angle of 45? was used as incident angle with respect to the normal line, the emergent ray has a 28?. The calculated refractive index, using Equation 3, was 1. 506175959; this will be treated as the theoretical value. The table below shows the calculated index of refraction using Equation 1. The only visible colors for mercury discharge tube were violet, green and yellow, red and blue-green for hydrogen, and yellow and red for neon.The visible colors in each spectrum using prism were less compared when using diffraction grating. This can be due to the limited scope observable using triangular prisms as dispersion agent of the spectrometer. There was an increasing trend of indices as minimum deviation angle increases and as the wavelength of the colored light decreases independent of the element contained in the discharge tube. A prism refracts the light into a single spectrum, whereas the diffraction grating divides the available light into several spectra.Because of this, slit images formed using a prism are generally brighter than those formed using a grating. That is why prisms are preferred when the desired dispersion is weak. Spectral lines that are too dim to be seen wit h a grating can often be seen using a prism. Unfortunately, the increased brightness of the spectral lines is offset by a decreased resolution, since the prism doesn’t separate the different lines as effectively as the grating. However, the brighter lines allow a narrow slit width to be used, which partially compensates for the reduced resolution.The lesser number of colors of light seen in the scope of a spectrometer utilizing a prism as a dispersion medium can also be associated to the unseparated spectral lines of the discharge tubes. The average value of the refractive index closest to the theoretical was given off by the neon discharge tube with 1. 515508062 and 0. 6196% deviation. The color red of neon gave off the refractive index closest to the theoretical with 1. 513609903. It connotes that it is more reliable to use neon discharge than mercury and hydrogen in measuring the index of refraction of a prism.The experimental design inadequately addressed the hypothesis d ue to unavailability of materials; further experimentation could be done using other elements and other prism of different refractive indices and apex angles to explore if there will a significant difference with respect to the gathered data. Table 1. Different minimum deviation angles of the spectrum of different discharge tubes. Element| Color| Minimum Deviation Angle D| Index of Refraction ? | Average Index of Refraction ? | Percent Deviation| Mercury| Violet| 41? 30’| 1. 548785288| 1. 540510872| 2. 2796%| | Green| 40? 44’| 1. 540284548| | | | Yellow| 40? 2’| 1. 3246278| | | Hydrogen| Blue-Green| 39? 56’| 1. 53134071| 1. 528902825| 1. 8384%| | Red| 39? 30’| 1. 52646494| | | Neon| Yellow| 38? 42’| 1. 517406221| 1. 515508062| 0. 6196%| | Red| 38? 22’| 1. 513609903| | | IV. Conclusion and Recommendation It is therefore concluded that the refractive index of a prism can be measured using a spectrometer. The most reliable gas discharge tube between hydrogen, mercury and neon to measure refractive indices was neon with 1. 515508062 and 0. 6196 percent deviated from the theoretical value of 1. 506175959. The color red of neon gave off the refractive index closest to the theoretical with 1. 13609903. The visible colors in each spectrum using prism were less compared when using diffraction grating. There was an increasing trend of indices as minimum deviation angle increases and as the wavelength of colored light decreases independent of the element contained in the discharge tube. The experimental design inadequately addressed the hypothesis due to unavailability of materials, further experimentation could be done using other elements and other prism of different refractive indices and apex angles to explore if there will a significant difference with respect to the gathered data.Acknowledgements First and foremost, the students would like to thank Mrs. Jen-jen Manuel, our physics laboratory instructor, for his patie nce, guidance and understanding. The National Institute of Physics for letting us conduct this experiment. The staff in-charge-of-the-instruments for letting the students borrow instruments vouched by University of the Philippines I. D. References 1. Young, H. , University Physics, 12th Edition L. P. E. , Chapter 38: Photons: Light Waves Behaving As Particles, Photoelectric Effect, Pearson Education South Asia PTE LTD (2009). 2. Go, Mary Ann, et. l. (Laboratory Manual Authors), Physics 73. 1, Spectral Fingerprinting, The Spectrometer (2007). 3. http://www. cmi. ac. in/~debangshu/lab1/spectrometer. pdf 4. http://uregina. ca/~szymanss/uglabs/p112/Experiments/112-08Spectr08. pdf 5. https://www. google. com. ph/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&ved=0CEUQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics. wustl. edu%2Fclassinfo%2F316%2FTheory%2FRefraction. pdf&ei=0I0xUe_iA6i9iAfiooGoBg&usg=AFQjCNEfjICiK9bxd9xT7AZsYZT-j5ybDw&sig2=s9OmxcBtP3WtmnbVM7nlQQ&bvm=bv. 43148975,d. aGc

The Five Context Of Communication - 1009 Words

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